2. How To Create a Loopback Root Device

Now that the general principles are explained the method of creating the loopback device can be explained.

2.1 Requirements

To create the loopback root device will require a number of things.

• A working Linux system.
• A way to copy large files onto the target DOS partition.

Most important is access to an installed Linux system. This is because the loop device can only be created under Linux. This will mean that it is not possible to bootstrap a working system from nothing. The requirements of the Linux system that you use is that you can compile a kernel on it.

Once the loopback device is created it will be a large file. I have used an 80 MB files, but while this was sufficient for an X terminal it may not be enough if you want to use it for much else. This file must be copied onto the DOS partition, so either a network or a lot of floppy disks must be used.

The software that you will require includes

• LOADLIN version 1.6 or above
• A version of mount that supports loopback devices
• A version of the kernel that supports the required options.

All of these should be standard for recent Linux installations.

2.2 Creating the Linux Kernel

I created the loopback device using Linux kernel version 2.0.31, other versions should also work, but they must have at least the options listed below.

The kernel options that you will need to enable are the following:

• RAM disk support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM).
• Initial RAM disk (initrd) support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD).
• Loop device support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP).
• fat fs support (CONFIG_FAT_FS).
• msdos fs support (CONFIG_MSDOS_FS).

The first two are for the RAM disk device itself and the initial ram disk device. The next one is the loop back filesystem option. The last two are the msdos filesystem support which is required to mount the DOS partitition.

Compiling a kernel without modules is the easiest option, although if you do want modules then it should be possible although I have not tried it. If modules are used then you should have the options above compiled in and not as modules themselves.

The kernel source code itself will need to be changed in one very simple way. The version 2.0.34 kernel as supplied does not allow the loopback device to be used as the root filesystem. One very small kernel patch can make this possible.

The file /init/main.c needs to have a single line added to it as shown by the modified version below. The line that says "loop", 0x0700 is the one that was added.

static void parse_root_dev(char * line)
{
        int base = 0;
        static struct dev_name_struct {
                const char *name;
                const int num;
        } devices[] = {
                { "nfs",     0x00ff },
                { "loop",    0x0700 },
                { "hda",     0x0300 },

...

                { "sonycd",  0x1800 },
                { NULL, 0 }
        };

...

}

Once the kernel is configured it should be compiled to produce a zImage file (make zImage). This file will be arch/i386/boot/zImage when compiled.

2.3 Creating the Initial Ramdisk Device

The initial ramdisk is most easily created as a loopback device from the start. You will need to do this as root, the commands that you need to execute are listed below, they are assumed to be run from root's home directory (/root).

mkdir /root/initrd
dd if=/dev/zero of=initrd.img bs=1k count=1024
mke2fs -i 1024 -b 1024 -m 5 -F -v initrd.img
mount initrd.img /root/initrd -t ext2 -o loop
cd initrd
[create the files]
cd ..
umount /root/initrd
gzip -c -9 initrd.img > initrdgz.img

There are a number of steps to this, but they can be described as follows.

1. Create a mount point for the initial ramdisk (an empty directory).
2. Create an empty file of the size required. Here I have used 1024kB, you may need less or more depending on the contents, (the size is the last parameter).
3. Make an ext2 filesystem on the empty file.
4. Mount the file onto the mount point, this uses the loopback device.
5. Change to the mounted loopback device.
6. Create the files that are required (see below for details).
7. Move out of the mounted loopback device.
8. Unmount the device.
9. Create a compressed version for use later.

Contents Of The Initial Ramdisk

The files that you will need on the ramdisk are the minimum requirements to be able to execute any commands.

• /linuxrc The script that is run to mount the msdos file system (see below).
• /lib/* The dynamic linker and the libraries that the programs need.
• /etc/* The cache used by the dynamic linker (not strictly needed, but does stop it complaining).
• /bin/* A shell interpreter (ash because it is smaller than bash. The mount and losetup programs for handling the DOS disk and setting up the loopback devices.
• /dev/* The devices that will be used. You need /dev/zero for ld-linux.so, /dev/hda* to mount the msdos disk and /dev/loop* for the lopback device.
• /mnt An empty directory to mount the msdos disk on.

The initial ramdisk that I used is listed below, the contents come to about 800kB when the overhead of the filesystem are taken into account.

total 18
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jun  2 13:57 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jun  2 13:47 dev
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 May 20 07:43 etc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 May 27 07:57 lib
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root          964 Jun  3 08:47 linuxrc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root        12288 May 27 08:08 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jun  2 14:16 mnt

./bin:
total 168
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        60880 May 27 07:56 ash
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         5484 May 27 07:56 losetup
-rwsr-xr-x   1 root     root        28216 May 27 07:56 mount
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            3 May 27 08:08 sh -> ash

./dev:
total 0
brw-r--r--   1 root     root       3,   0 May 20 07:43 hda
brw-r--r--   1 root     root       3,   1 May 20 07:43 hda1
brw-r--r--   1 root     root       3,   2 Jun  2 13:46 hda2
brw-r--r--   1 root     root       3,   3 Jun  2 13:46 hda3
brw-r--r--   1 root     root       7,   0 May 20 07:43 loop0
brw-r--r--   1 root     root       7,   1 Jun  2 13:47 loop1
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   3 May 20 07:42 null
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       5,   0 May 20 07:43 tty
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       4,   1 May 20 07:43 tty1
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   5 May 20 07:42 zero

./etc:
total 3
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         2539 May 20 07:43 ld.so.cache

./lib:
total 649
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           18 May 27 08:08 ld-linux.so.1 -> ld-linux.so.1.7.14
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        21367 May 20 07:44 ld-linux.so.1.7.14
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 May 27 08:08 libc.so.5 -> libc.so.5.3.12
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       583795 May 20 07:44 libc.so.5.3.12

./lost+found:
total 0

./mnt:
total 0

The only complex steps about this are the devices in dev. Use the mknod program to create them, use the existing devices in /dev as a template to get the required parameters.

The /linuxrc file

The /linuxrc file on the initial ramdisk is required to do all of the preparations so that the loopback device can be used for the root partition when it exits.

The example below tries to mount /dev/hda1 as an msdos partition and if it succeeds then sets up the files /linux/linuxdsk.img as /dev/loop0 and /linux/linuxswp.img as /dev/loop1.

#!/bin/sh

echo INITRD: Trying to mount /dev/hda1 as msdos

if /bin/mount -n -t msdos /dev/hda1 /mnt; then

   echo INITRD: Mounted OK
   /bin/losetup /dev/loop0 /mnt/linux/linuxdsk.img
   /bin/losetup /dev/loop1 /mnt/linux/linuxswp.img
   exit 0

else

   echo INITRD: Mount failed
   exit 1

fi

The first device /dev/loop0 will become the root device and the second one /dev/loop1 will become the swap space.

If you want to be able to write to the DOS partition as a non-root user when you have finished then you should use mount -n -t msdos /dev/hda1 /mnt -o uid=0,gid=0,umask=000 instead. This will map all accesses to the DOS partition to root and set the permissions appropriately.

2.4 Creating The Root Device

The root device that you will be using is the file linuxdsk.img. You will need to create this in the same way that the initial ramdisk was created, but bigger. You can install any Linux installation that you like onto this disk.

The easiest way might be to copy an existing Linux installation into it. An alternative is to install a new Linux installation onto it.

Assuming that you have done this, there are some minor changes that you must make.

The /etc/fstab file must reference the root partition and the swap using the two loopback devices that are setup on the initial ramdisk.

/dev/loop0     /      ext2   defaults 1 1
/dev/loop1     swap   swap   defaults 1 1

This will ensure that when the real root device is used the kernel will not be confused about where the root device is. It will also allow the swap space to be added in the same way a swap partition is normally used. You should remove any other reference to a root disk device or swap partition.

If you want to be able to read the DOS partition after Linux has started then you will need to make a number of extra small changes.

Create a directory called /initrd, this is where the initial ramdisk will be mounted once the loopback root filesystem is mounted.

Create a symbolic link called /DOS that points to /initrd/mnt where the real DOS parition will be mounted.

Add a line into the rc file that mounts the disks. This should run the command mount -f -t msdos /dev/hda1 /initrd/mnt, this will create a 'fake' mount of the DOS partition so that all programs (like df) will know that the DOS partition is mounted and where to find it. If you used different options in the /linuxrc file that obviously you should use them here also.

There is no need to have a Linux kernel on this root device since that is already loaded earlier. If you are using modules however then you should include them on this device as normal.

2.5 Creating the Swap Device

The root device that you will be using is the file linuxswap.img. The swap device is very simple to create. Create an empty file as was done for the initial ramdisk and then run mkswap linuxswap.img to intialise it.

The size of the swap space will depend on what you plan to do with the installed system, but I would recommend between 8MB and the amount of RAM that you have.

2.6 Creating the MSDOS Directory

The files that are going to be used need to be moved onto the DOS partition.

The files that are required in the DOS directory called C:\LINUX are the following:

• LINUXDSK.IMG The disk image that will become the root device.
• LINUXSWP.IMG The swap space.

2.7 Creating the Boot Floppy

The boot floppy that is used is just a normal DOS format bootable floppy.

This is created using format a: /s from DOS.

Onto this disk you will need to create an AUTOEXEC.BAT file (as below) and copy the kernel, compressed initial ramdisk and LOADLIN executable.

• AUTOEXEC.BAT The DOS automatically executed batch file.
• LOADLIN.EXE The LOADLIN program executable.
• ZIMAGE The Linux kernel.
• INITRDGZ.IMG The compressed initial ramdisk image.

The AUTOEXEC.BAT file should contain just one line as below.

\loadlin \zImage initrd=\initrdgz.img root=/dev/loop0 ro

This specifies the kernel image to use, the initial ramdisk image, the root device after the initial ramdisk has finished and that the root partition is to be mounted read-only.