PERLTOC(1)
NNAAMMEE
perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest
of the Perl documentation set. It is meant to be scanned
quickly or grepped through to locate the proper section
you're looking for.
BBAASSIICC DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTAATTIIOONN
ppeerrll -- PPrraaccttiiccaall EExxttrraaccttiioonn aanndd RReeppoorrtt LLaanngguuaaggee
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Many usability enhancements, Simplified grammar, Lexical
scoping, Arbitrarily nested data structures, Modularity
and reusability, Object-oriented programming, Embeddable
and Extensible, POSIX compliant, Package constructors and
destructors, Multiple simultaneous DBM implementations,
Subroutine definitions may now be autoloaded, Regular
expression enhancements, Innumerable Unbundled Modules,
Compilability
ENVIRONMENT
AUTHOR
FILES
SEE ALSO
DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS
NOTES
ppeerrllffaaqq -- ffrreeqquueennttllyy aasskkeedd qquueessttiioonnss aabboouutt PPeerrll (($$DDaattee::
11999977//0044//2244 2222::4466::0066 $$))
DESCRIPTION
perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, the perlfaq1
manpage: General Questions About Perl, the perlfaq2
manpage: Obtaining and Learning about Perl, the perlfaq3
manpage: Programming Tools, the perlfaq4 manpage: Data
Manipulation, the perlfaq5 manpage: Files and Formats, the
perlfaq6 manpage: Regexps, the perlfaq7 manpage: General
Perl Language Issues, the perlfaq8 manpage: System
Interaction, the perlfaq9 manpage: Networking
Where to get this document
How to contribute to this document
What will happen if you mail your Perl programming
problems to the authors
Credits
Author and Copyright Information
Noncommercial Reproduction
Commercial Reproduction
Disclaimer
Changes
24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97,
17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
ppeerrllffaaqq11 -- GGeenneerraall QQuueessttiioonnss AAbboouutt PPeerrll (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..1122
$$,, $$DDaattee:: 1997/04/24 22:43:34 $)
DESCRIPTION
What is Perl?
Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
Which version of Perl should I use?
What are perl4 and perl5?
How stable is Perl?
Is Perl difficult to learn?
How does Perl compare with other languages like Java,
Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
Can I do [task] in Perl?
When shouldn't I program in Perl?
What's the difference between """"perl"""" and
""""Perl""""?
Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
What is a JAPH?
Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use
version (5/5.004/Perl instead of some other
language)?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq22 -- OObbttaaiinniinngg aanndd LLeeaarrnniinngg aabboouutt PPeerrll (($$RReevviissiioonn::
11..1166 $$,, $$DDaattee:: 1997/04/23 18:04:09 $)
DESCRIPTION
What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
How can I get a binary version of Perl?
I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile
perl?
I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but
scripts don't work.
I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but
gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How
do I make it work?
What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What
is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
Where can I get information on Perl?
What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post
questions?
Where should I post source code?
Perl Books
Perl in Magazines
Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
What mailing lists are there for perl?
MacPerl, Perl5-Porters, NTPerl, Perl-Packrats
Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
Perl Training
Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
Where do I send bug reports?
What is perl.com? perl.org? The Perl Institute?
How do I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq33 -- PPrrooggrraammmmiinngg TToooollss (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..2222 $$,, $$DDaattee::
1997/04/24 22:43:42 $)
DESCRIPTION
How do I do (anything)?
How can I use Perl interactively?
Is there a Perl shell?
How do I debug my Perl programs?
How do I profile my Perl programs?
How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
Is there a ctags for Perl?
Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
How can I use curses with Perl?
How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
Can I dynamically load C routines into Perl?
What is undump?
How can I make my Perl program run faster?
How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
How can I get '#!perl' to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
Can I write useful perl programs on the command line?
Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs,
xsubpp]
I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed
perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?
When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What
does it mean?
What's MakeMaker?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq44 -- DDaattaa MMaanniippuullaattiioonn (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..1199 $$,, $$DDaattee::
1997/04/24 22:43:57 $)
DESCRIPTION
Data: Numbers
Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999)
instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg,
19.95)?
Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
Does perl have a round function? What about ceil() and
floor()? Trig functions?
How do I convert bits into ints?
How do I multiply matrices?
How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
How can I output Roman numerals?
Why aren't my random numbers random?
Data: Dates
How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
How can I compare two date strings?
How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
How can I find the Julian Day?
Does Perl have a year 2000 problem?
Data: Strings
How do I validate input?
How do I unescape a string?
How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
How do I expand function calls in a string?
How do I find matching/nesting anything?
How do I reverse a string?
How do I expand tabs in a string?
How do I reformat a paragraph?
How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring
within a string?
How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
How can I split a [character] delimited string except when
inside [character]? (Comma-separated files)
How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a
string?
How do I extract selected columns from a string?
How do I find the soundex value of a string?
How can I expand variables in text strings?
What's wrong with always quoting """"$vars""""?
Why don't my <ppeerrllffaaqq55 -- FFiilleess aanndd FFoorrmmaattss (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..2222 $$,, $$DDaattee::
1997/04/24 22:44:02 $)
DESCRIPTION
How do I flush/unbuffer a filehandle? Why must I do this?
How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a
file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to
the beginning of a file?
How do I count the number of lines in a file?
How do I make a temporary file name?
How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do
I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I
make an array of filehandles?
How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
How can I write() into a string?
How can I output my numbers with commas added?
How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
How come when I open the file read-write it wipes it out?
Why do I sometimes get an """"Argument list too long""""
when I use <*>?
Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
How can I open a file with a leading """">"""" or trailing
blanks?
How can I reliably rename a file?
How can I lock a file?
What can't I just open(FH, """">file.lock")?
I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the
number in the file. How can I do this?
How do I randomly update a binary file?
How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
How do I print to more than one file at once?
How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
How can I read a single character from a file? From the
keyboard?
How can I tell if there's a character waiting on a
filehandle?
How do I open a file without blocking?
How do I create a file only if it doesn't exist?
How do I do a tail -f in perl?
How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
How do I close a file descriptor by number?
Why can't I use """"C:\temp\foo"""" in DOS paths? What
doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
Why doesn't glob'*.*' get all the files?
Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i
clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
How do I select a random line from a file?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq66 -- RReeggeexxppss (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..1177 $$,, $$DDaattee:: 1997/04/24
22:44:10 $)
DESCRIPTION
How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating
illegible and unmaintainable code?
Comments Outside the Regexp, Comments Inside the
Regexp, Different Delimiters
I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
What's wrong?
How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
themselves on different lines?
I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work.
What's wrong?
How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but
preserving case on the RHS?
How can I make \w match accented characters?
How can I match a locale-smart version of /[a-zA-Z]/?
How can I quote a variable to use in a regexp?
What is /o really for?
How do I use a regular expression to strip C style
comments from a file?
Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
What does it mean that regexps are greedy? How can I get
around it?
How do I process each word on each line?
How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency
summary?
How can I do approximate matching?
How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at
once?
Why don't word-boundary searches with \b work for me?
Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
What good is \G in a regular expression?
Are Perl regexps DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq77 -- PPeerrll LLaanngguuaaggee IIssssuueess (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..1188 $$,, $$DDaattee::
1997/04/24 22:44:14 $)
DESCRIPTION
Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
What are all these $@%* punctuation signs, and how do I
know when to use them?
Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use
semicolons and commas?
How do I skip some return values?
How do I temporarily block warnings?
What's an extension?
Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C
operators?
How do I declare/create a structure?
How do I create a module?
How do I create a class?
How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
What's a closure?
What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array,
Hash, Method, Regexp}?
Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles,
Passing Regexps, Passing Methods
How do I create a static variable?
What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static)
scoping? Between local() and my()?
How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
named lexical is in scope?
What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
Why doesn't """"local($foo) = <FILE>;"""" work right?
How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
What's the difference between calling a function as &foo
and foo()?
How do I create a switch or case statement?
How can I catch accesses to undefined
variables/functions/methods?
Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
How can I find out my current package?
How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq88 -- SSyysstteemm IInntteerraaccttiioonn (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..2211 $$,, $$DDaattee::
1997/04/24 22:44:19 $)
DESCRIPTION
How do I find out which operating system I'm running
under?
How come exec() doesn't return?
How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
How do I ask the user for a password?
How do I read and write the serial port?
lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output,
non-blocking input
How do I decode encrypted password files?
How do I start a process in the background?
STDIN, STDOUT and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
How do I trap control characters/signals?
How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
How do I set the time and date?
How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
How can I measure time under a second?
How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
handling)
Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V
(Solaris)? What does the error message """"Protocol
not supported"""" mean?
How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or
syscall()?
Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
How can I call backticks without shell processing?
Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF
(^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
How can I convert my shell script to perl?
Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
How can I write expect in Perl?
Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs
such as """"ps""""?
I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl
script. How come the change disappeared when I exited
the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?
Unix, VMS
How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for
it to complete?
How do I fork a daemon process?
How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
How do I timeout a slow event?
How do I set CPU limits?
How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
How do I use an SQL database?
How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
How do I open a file without blocking?
How do I install a CPAN module?
How do I keep my own module/library directory?
How do I add the directory my program lives in to the
module/library search path?
How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
How do I get one key from the terminal at a time, under
POSIX?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllffaaqq99 -- NNeettwwoorrkkiinngg (($$RReevviissiioonn:: 11..1177 $$,, $$DDaattee::
1997/04/24 22:44:29 $)
DESCRIPTION
My CGI script runs from the command line but not the
browser. Can you help me fix it?
How do I remove HTML from a string?
How do I extract URLs?
How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do
I open a file on another machine?
How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
How do I fetch an HTML file?
how do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
How do I redirect to another page?
How do I put a password on my web pages?
How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form
that cause my CGI script to do bad things?
How do I parse an email header?
How do I decode a CGI form?
How do I check a valid email address?
How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
How do I return the user's email address?
How do I send/read mail?
How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
How can I do RPC in Perl?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllddeellttaa -- wwhhaatt''ss nneeww ffoorr ppeerrll55..000044
DESCRIPTION
Supported Environments
Core Changes
List assignment to %ENV works
""""Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC"""" error now lists @INC
Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
$PERL5OPT environment variable
Limitations on --MM, --mm, and --TT options
More precise warnings
Deprecated: Inherited AUTOLOAD for non-methods
Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
Group vector changeable with $)
Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
No resetting of $. on implicit close
wantarray may return undef
Changes to tainting checks
No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH,
$ENV, $BASH_ENV, No spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't
look like a terminal name
New Opcode module and revised Safe module
Embedding improvements
Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
New and changed syntax
$coderef->(PARAMS)
New and changed builtin constants
__PACKAGE__
New and changed builtin variables
$^E, $^H, $^M
New and changed builtin functions
delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as
an lvalue, my() in Control Structures, pack() and
unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module VERSION
LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default,
m//gc does not reset search position on failure, m//x
ignores whitespace before ?*+{}, nested sub{}
closures work now, formats work right on changing
lexicals
New builtin methods
isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
TIEHANDLE now supported
TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF
this, LIST, READ this LIST, READLINE this, GETC this,
DESTROY this
Malloc enhancements
-DDEBUGGING_MSTATS, -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK,
-DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
Support for More Operating Systems
Win32
Plan 9
QNX
AmigaOS
Pragmata
use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use
blib 'dir', use constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use
ops, use vmsish
Modules
Required Updates
Installation directories
Module information summary
Fcntl
IO
Math::Complex
Math::Trig
DB_File
Net::Ping
Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
Utility Changes
pod2html
Sends converted HTML to standard output
xsubpp
void XSUBs now default to returning nothing
C Language API Changes
gv_fetchmethod and perl_call_sv, perl_eval_pv, Extended
API for manipulating hashes
Documentation Changes
the perldelta manpage, the perlfaq manpage, the perllocale
manpage, the perltoot manpage, the perlapio manpage, the
perlmodlib manpage, the perldebug manpage, the perlsec
manpage
New Diagnostics
"my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope,
%s argument is not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too
large: %lx, Allocation too large, Applying %s to %s will
act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free nonexistent shared
string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
Can't redefine active sort subroutine %s, Can't use
bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in use,
Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package
`%s', Constant subroutine %s redefined, Constant
subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did not return a
reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier
too long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal
switch in PERL5OPT: %s, Integer overflow in hex number,
Integer overflow in octal number, internal error: glob
failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type in
pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s"
used only once: possible typo, Null picture in formline,
Offset outside string, Out of memory!, Out of memory
during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible attempt to
put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate
words with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as
$%s{%s}, Stub found while resolving method `%s'
overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for "--TT"
option, untie attempted while %d inner references still
exist, Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function
fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is
deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined(),
Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not
stay shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed
logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Got an error from
DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX, PERL_SH_DIR too
long, Process terminated by SIG%s
BUGS
SEE ALSO
HISTORY
ppeerrllddaattaa -- PPeerrll ddaattaa ttyyppeess
DESCRIPTION
Variable names
Context
Scalar values
Scalar value constructors
List value constructors
Typeglobs and Filehandles
ppeerrllssyynn -- PPeerrll ssyynnttaaxx
DESCRIPTION
Declarations
Simple statements
Compound statements
Loop Control
For Loops
Foreach Loops
Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
Goto
PODs: Embedded Documentation
Plain Old Comments (Not!)
ppeerrlloopp -- PPeerrll ooppeerraattoorrss aanndd pprreecceeddeennccee
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
The Arrow Operator
Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
Exponentiation
Symbolic Unary Operators
Binding Operators
Multiplicative Operators
Additive Operators
Shift Operators
Named Unary Operators
Relational Operators
Equality Operators
Bitwise And
Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
C-style Logical And
C-style Logical Or
Range Operator
Conditional Operator
Assignment Operators
Comma Operator
List Operators (Rightward)
Logical Not
Logical And
Logical or and Exclusive Or
C Operators Missing From Perl
unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
Quote and Quote-like Operators
Regexp Quote-Like Operators
?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/gimosx, /PATTERN/gimosx,
q/STRING/, 'STRING', qq/STRING/, "STRING",
qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx,
tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
I/O Operators
Constant Folding
Integer Arithmetic
Floating-point Arithmetic
ppeerrllrree -- PPeerrll rreegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonnss
DESCRIPTION
i, m, s, x
Regular Expressions
(?#text), (?:regexp), (?=regexp), (?!regexp), (?imsx)
Backtracking
Version 8 Regular Expressions
WARNING on \1 vs $1
SEE ALSO
ppeerrllrruunn -- hhooww ttoo eexxeeccuuttee tthhee PPeerrll iinntteerrpprreetteerr
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
#! and quoting on non-Unix systems
OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh
Switches
--00[digits], --aa, --cc, --dd, --dd::foo, --DDnumber, --DDlist, --ee
commandline, --FFpattern, --hh, --ii[extension],
--IIdirectory, --ll[octnum], --mm[--]module, --MM[--]module,
--MM[--]'module ...', --[[mmMM]][--]module=arg[,arg]..., --nn,
--pp, --PP, --ss, --SS, --TT, --uu, --UU, --vv, --VV, --VV::name, --ww, --xx
directory
ENVIRONMENT
HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB,
PERL5SHELL (specific to WIN32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS,
PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
ppeerrllffuunncc -- PPeerrll bbuuiillttiinn ffuunnccttiioonnss
DESCRIPTION
I<THERE IS NO GENERAL RULE FOR CONVERTING A LIST INTO A SCALAR!>
Perl Functions by Category
Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions
and pattern matching, Numeric functions, Functions
for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, Functions
for real %HASHes, Input and output functions,
Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions
for filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords
related to the control flow of your perl program,
Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions,
Functions for processes and process groups, Keywords
related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes
and object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions,
System V interprocess communication functions,
Fetching user and group info, Fetching network info,
Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5,
Functions obsoleted in perl5
Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X, abs VALUE, abs, accept
NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2
Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless
REF,CLASSNAME, bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir
EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, chomp LIST, chomp,
chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr
NUMBER, chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close
FILEHANDLE, closedir DIRHANDLE, connect SOCKET,NAME,
continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, defined
EXPR, defined, delete EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do
SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, each HASH, eof
FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec
LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock
FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline
PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority
WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME,
gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname
NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr
ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport
PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent,
getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN,
setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent,
endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent,
endservent, getsockname SOCKET, getsockopt
SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR,
goto LABEL, goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST,
grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, import, index
STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int,
ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST,
keys HASH, kill LIST, last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc,
lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length, link
OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR,
localtime EXPR, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE,
lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map
EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MODE, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG,
msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv
ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, my EXPR, next LABEL, next, no
Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
open FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR,
ord, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package NAMESPACE, pipe
READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR,
pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf
FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST,
prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/,
qq/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR,
quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readlink
EXPR, readlink, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LEN,FLAGS, redo
LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME,
require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset, return
EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE,
rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir
FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek
FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS,
select FILEHANDLE, select, select
RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG,
semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp
PID,PGRP, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt
SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, shift,
shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread
ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE,
shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep EXPR,
sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME
LIST, sort BLOCK LIST, sort LIST, splice
ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
splice ARRAY,OFFSET, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT,
split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf
FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR, sqrt, srand EXPR, srand,
stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
EXPR,OFFSET,LEN, substr EXPR,OFFSET, symlink
OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen
FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, syswrite
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, tell FILEHANDLE, tell,
telldir DIRHANDLE, tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied
VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc,
ucfirst EXPR, ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR,
undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR,
untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module LIST,
use Module, use Module VERSION LIST, use VERSION,
utime LIST, values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait,
waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST, write
FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
ppeerrllvvaarr -- PPeerrll pprreeddeeffiinneedd vvaarriiaabblleess
DESCRIPTION
Predefined Names
$ARG, $_, $<digit>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`,
$POSTMATCH, $', $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+,
$MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number HANDLE
EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR,
$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE
EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator
HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,,
output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR,
$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR,
$", $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#,
format_page_number HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER,
$%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE
EXPR, $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, format_name HANDLE
EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~, format_top_name HANDLE EXPR,
$FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, format_line_break_characters
HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:,
format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L,
$ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR,
$ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@,
$PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
$EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID,
$(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME,
$0, $[, $PERL_VERSION, $], $DEBUGGING, $^D,
$SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I,
$OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, $BASETIME, $^T, $WARNING,
$^W, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, %INC,
$ENV{expr}, $SIG{expr}, $^M
ppeerrllssuubb -- PPeerrll ssuubbrroouuttiinneess
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Private Variables via my()
Temporary Values via local()
Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
Pass by Reference
Prototypes
Constant Functions
Overriding Builtin Functions
Autoloading
SEE ALSO
ppeerrllmmoodd -- PPeerrll mmoodduulleess ((ppaacckkaaggeess aanndd ssyymmbbooll ttaabblleess))
DESCRIPTION
Packages
Symbol Tables
Package Constructors and Destructors
Perl Classes
Perl Modules
SEE ALSO
ppeerrllmmooddlliibb -- ccoonnssttrruuccttiinngg nneeww PPeerrll mmoodduulleess aanndd ffiinnddiinngg
eexxiissttiinngg oonneess
DESCRIPTION
THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
Pragmatic Modules
use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), blib,
diagnostics, integer, less, lib, locale, ops,
overload, sigtrap, strict, subs, vmsish, vars
Standard Modules
AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, Benchmark, CPAN,
CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Class::Struct,
Config, Cwd, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle,
DynaLoader, English, Env, Exporter, ExtUtils::Embed,
ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Liblist,
ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix,
ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MakeMaker,
ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap,
ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::testlib, Fcntl,
File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare,
File::Copy, File::Find, File::Path, File::stat,
FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File,
Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO,
IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe, IO::Seekable,
IO::Select, IO::Socket, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3,
Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex,
Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent,
Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, Opcode,
Pod::Text, POSIX, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict,
SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol,
Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap,
Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test::Harness,
Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex,
Text::Tabs, Text::Wrap, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash,
Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local,
Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL,
User::grent, User::pwent
Extension Modules
CPAN
Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development
Support, Operating System Interfaces, Networking, Device
Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication, Data
Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces, User
Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other
Programming Languages, File Names, File Systems and File
Locking (see also File Handles), String Processing,
Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security,
and Encryption, World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME,
Server and Daemon Utilities, Archiving and Compression,
Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and
Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities
(callbacks and exceptions etc), File Handle and
Input/Output Stream Utilities, Miscellaneous Modules,
Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South
America
Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
Guidelines for Module Creation
Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try
to design the new module to be easy to extend and
reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select what to
export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it
right?, README and other Additional Files, A
description of the module/package/extension etc, A
copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites - what
else you may need to have, How to build it - possible
changes to Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent
changes in this release, especially
incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to
make in the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give
the module a version/issue/release number, How to
release and distribute a module, Take care when
changing a released module
Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into
Modules
There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider
the implications, Make the most of the opportunity,
The pl2pm utility will get you started, Adds the
standard Module prologue lines, Converts package
specifiers from ' to ::, Converts die(...) to
croak(...), Several other minor changes
Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl
Module Library, Many applications contain some perl
code which could be reused, Break-out the reusable
code into one or more separate module files, Take the
opportunity to reconsider and redesign the
interfaces, In some cases the 'application' can then
be reduced to a small
NOTE
ppeerrllffoorrmm -- PPeerrll ffoorrmmaattss
DESCRIPTION
Format Variables
NOTES
Footers
Accessing Formatting Internals
WARNINGS
ppeerrllllooccaallee -- PPeerrll llooccaallee hhaannddlliinngg ((iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaalliizzaattiioonn
aanndd llooccaalliizzaattiioonn))
DESCRIPTION
PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
USING LOCALES
The use locale pragma
The setlocale function
The localeconv function
LOCALE CATEGORIES
Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
LC_TIME
Other categories
SECURITY
CCoommppaarriissoonn ooppeerraattoorrss (lt, le, ge, gt and cmp):, CCaassee--
mmaappppiinngg iinntteerrppoollaattiioonn (with \l, \L, \u or <\U>), MMaattcchhiinngg
ooppeerraattoorr (m//):, SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn ooppeerraattoorr (s///):, IInn--mmeemmoorryy
ffoorrmmaattttiinngg ffuunnccttiioonn (sprintf()):, OOuuttppuutt ffoorrmmaattttiinngg
ffuunnccttiioonnss (printf() and write()):, CCaassee--mmaappppiinngg ffuunnccttiioonnss
(lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, PPOOSSIIXX llooccaallee--
ddeeppeennddeenntt ffuunnccttiioonnss (localeconv(), strcoll(),strftime(),
strxfrm()):, PPOOSSIIXX cchhaarraacctteerr ccllaassss tteessttss (isalnum(),
isalpha(), isdigit(),isgraph(), islower(), isprint(),
ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
ENVIRONMENT
PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
NOTES
Backward compatibility
I18N:Collate obsolete
Sort speed and memory use impacts
write() and LC_NUMERIC
Freely available locale definitions
I18n and l10n
An imperfect standard
BUGS
Broken systems
SEE ALSO
HISTORY
ppeerrllrreeff -- PPeerrll rreeffeerreenncceess aanndd nneesstteedd ddaattaa ssttrruuccttuurreess
DESCRIPTION
Symbolic references
Not-so-symbolic references
WARNING
SEE ALSO
ppeerrllddsscc -- PPeerrll DDaattaa SSttrruuccttuurreess CCooookkbbooookk
DESCRIPTION
arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes,
hashes of hashes, more elaborate constructs
REFERENCES
COMMON MISTAKES
CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS use strict
DEBUGGING
CODE EXAMPLES
LISTS OF LISTS
Declaration of a LIST OF LISTS
Generation of a LIST OF LISTS
Access and Printing of a LIST OF LISTS
HASHES OF LISTS
Declaration of a HASH OF LISTS
Generation of a HASH OF LISTS
Access and Printing of a HASH OF LISTS
LISTS OF HASHES
Declaration of a LIST OF HASHES
Generation of a LIST OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a LIST OF HASHES
HASHES OF HASHES
Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Database Ties
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
ppeerrllllooll,, ppeerrllLLooLL -- MMaanniippuullaattiinngg LLiissttss ooff LLiissttss iinn PPeerrll
DESCRIPTION
Declaration and Access of Lists of Lists
Growing Your Own
Access and Printing
Slices
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
ppeerrllttoooott -- TToomm''ss oobbjjeecctt--oorriieenntteedd ttuuttoorriiaall ffoorr ppeerrll
DESCRIPTION
Creating a Class
Object Representation
Class Interface
Constructors and Instance Methods
Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
Destructors
Other Object Methods
Class Data
Accessing Class Data
Debugging Methods
Class Destructors
Documenting the Interface
Aggregation
Inheritance
Overridden Methods
Multiple Inheritance
UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
Alternate Object Representations
Arrays as Objects
Closures as Objects
AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
Autoloaded Data Methods
Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
Metaclassical Tools
Class::Struct
Data Members as Variables
NOTES
Object Terminology
SEE ALSO
COPYRIGHT
Acknowledgments
ppeerrlloobbjj -- PPeerrll oobbjjeeccttss
DESCRIPTION
An Object is Simply a Reference
A Class is Simply a Package
A Method is Simply a Subroutine
Method Invocation
Default UNIVERSAL methods
isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
Destructors
WARNING
Summary
Two-Phased Garbage Collection
SEE ALSO
ppeerrllttiiee -- hhooww ttoo hhiiddee aann oobbjjeecctt ccllaassss iinn aa ssiimmppllee vvaarriiaabbllee
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Tying Scalars
TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this,
value, DESTROY this
Tying Arrays
TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE
this, index, value, DESTROY this
Tying Hashes
USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST,
FETCH this, key, STORE this, key, value, DELETE this,
key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY this,
NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
Tying FileHandles
TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF
this, LIST, READ this LIST, READLINE this, GETC this,
DESTROY this
The untie Gotcha
SEE ALSO
BUGS
AUTHOR
ppeerrllbboott -- BBaagg''oo OObbjjeecctt TTrriicckkss ((tthhee BBOOTT))
DESCRIPTION
OO SCALING TIPS
INSTANCE VARIABLES
SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
THINKING OF CODE REUSE
CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
DELEGATION
ppeerrlliippcc -- PPeerrll iinntteerrpprroocceessss ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn ((ssiiggnnaallss,, ffiiffooss,,
ppiippeess,, ssaaffee ssuubbpprroocceesssseess,, ssoocckkeettss,, aanndd sseemmaapphhoorreess))
DESCRIPTION
Signals
Named Pipes
Using open() for IPC
Filehandles
Background Processes
Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
Safe Pipe Opens
Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
Sockets: Client/Server Communication
Internet TCP Clients and Servers
Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
TCP Clients with IO::Socket
A Simple Client
Proto, PeerAddr, PeerPort
A Webget Client
Interactive Client with IO::Socket
TCP Servers with IO::Socket
Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
UDP: Message Passing
SysV IPC
NOTES
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO
ppeerrllddeebbuugg -- PPeerrll ddeebbuuggggiinngg
DESCRIPTION
The Perl Debugger
Debugger Commands
h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X
[vars], T, s [expr], n [expr], <CR>, c [line|sub], l,
l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, -, w
[line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S
[[!]pattern], t, t expr, b [line] [condition], b
subname [condition], b postpone subname [condition],
b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a
[line] command, A, O [opt[=val]] [opt"val"] [opt?]..,
recallCommand, ShellBang, pager, tkRunning,
signalLevel, warnLevel, dieLevel, AutoTrace,
LineInfo, inhibit_exit, PrintRet, ornaments, frame,
maxTraceLen, arrayDepth, hashDepth, compactDump,
veryCompact, globPrint, DumpDBFiles, DumpPackages,
quote, HighBit, undefPrint, UsageOnly, TTY, noTTY,
ReadLine, NonStop, < [ command ], << command, >
command, >> command, { [ command ], {{ command, !
number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! cmd, H -number, q
or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, = [alias value], command,
m expr, m package
Debugger input/output
Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Listing,
Frame listing
Debugging compile-time statements
Debugger Customization
Readline Support
Editor Support for Debugging
The Perl Profiler
Debugger support in perl
Debugger Internals
Other resources
BUGS
ppeerrllddiiaagg -- vvaarriioouuss PPeerrll ddiiaaggnnoossttiiccss
DESCRIPTION
ppeerrllsseecc -- PPeerrll sseeccuurriittyy
DESCRIPTION
Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
Switches On the """"#!"""" Line
Cleaning Up Your Path
Security Bugs
Protecting Your Programs
ppeerrllttrraapp -- PPeerrll ttrraappss ffoorr tthhee uunnwwaarryy
DESCRIPTION
Awk Traps
C Traps
Sed Traps
Shell Traps
Perl Traps
Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps,
Parsing Traps, Numerical Traps, General data type
traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps
using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps,
OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance,
Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
Discontinuance, Discontinuance, Deprecation,
Discontinuance
Parsing Traps
Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
Numerical Traps
Numerical, Numerical, Numerical
General data type traps
(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Scalar
String), (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context),
(list, builtin)
Precedence Traps
Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
Precedence, Precedence, Precedence
General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
Expression, Regular Expression
Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you
specify a filehandle
OS Traps
(SysV), (SysV)
Interpolation Traps
Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
DBM Traps
DBM, DBM
Unclassified Traps
Unclassified
ppeerrllssttyyllee -- PPeerrll ssttyyllee gguuiiddee
DESCRIPTION
ppeerrllppoodd -- ppllaaiinn oolldd ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn
DESCRIPTION
Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
Common Pod Pitfalls
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
ppeerrllbbooookk -- PPeerrll bbooookk iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
DESCRIPTION
ppeerrlleemmbbeedd -- hhooww ttoo eemmbbeedd ppeerrll iinn yyoouurr CC pprrooggrraamm
DESCRIPTION
PREAMBLE
UUssee CC ffrroomm PPeerrll??, UUssee aa UUnniixx pprrooggrraamm ffrroomm PPeerrll??, UUssee
PPeerrll ffrroomm PPeerrll??, UUssee CC ffrroomm CC??, UUssee PPeerrll ffrroomm CC??
ROADMAP
Compiling your C program
Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from
your C program
Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
Maintaining a persistent interpreter
Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from
your C program
Embedding Perl under Win32
MORAL
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT
ppeerrllaappiioo -- ppeerrll''ss IIOO aabbssttrraaccttiioonn iinntteerrffaaccee..
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
PPeerrllIIOO **, PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddiinn(()), PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddoouutt(()),
PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddeerrrr(()), PPeerrllIIOO__ooppeenn((ppaatthh,, mmooddee)),
PPeerrllIIOO__ffddooppeenn((ffdd,,mmooddee)), PPeerrllIIOO__pprriinnttff((ff,,ffmmtt,,......)),
PPeerrllIIOO__vvpprriinnttff((ff,,ffmmtt,,aa)), PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddoouuttff((ffmmtt,,......)),
PPeerrllIIOO__rreeaadd((ff,,bbuuff,,ccoouunntt)), PPeerrllIIOO__wwrriittee((ff,,bbuuff,,ccoouunntt)),
PPeerrllIIOO__cclloossee((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ppuuttss((ss,,ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ppuuttcc((cc,,ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__uunnggeettcc((cc,,ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ggeettcc((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__eeooff((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__eerrrroorr((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ffiilleennoo((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__cclleeaarreerrrr((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__fflluusshh((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__tteellll((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__sseeeekk((ff,,oo,,ww)),
PPeerrllIIOO__ggeettppooss((ff,,pp)), PPeerrllIIOO__sseettppooss((ff,,pp)), PPeerrllIIOO__rreewwiinndd((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__ttmmppffiillee(())
Co-existence with stdio
PPeerrllIIOO__iimmppoorrttFFIILLEE((ff,,ffllaaggss)),
PPeerrllIIOO__eexxppoorrttFFIILLEE((ff,,ffllaaggss)), PPeerrllIIOO__ffiinnddFFIILLEE((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__rreelleeaasseeFFIILLEE((pp,,ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__sseettlliinneebbuuff((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__hhaass__ccnnttppttrr((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ggeett__ppttrr((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__ggeett__ccnntt((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ccaannsseett__ccnntt((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__ffaasstt__ggeettss((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__sseett__ppttrrccnntt((ff,,pp,,cc)),
PPeerrllIIOO__sseett__ccnntt((ff,,cc)), PPeerrllIIOO__hhaass__bbaassee((ff)),
PPeerrllIIOO__ggeett__bbaassee((ff)), PPeerrllIIOO__ggeett__bbuuffssiizz((ff))
ppeerrllxxss -- XXSS llaanngguuaaggee rreeffeerreennccee mmaannuuaall
DESCRIPTION
Introduction
On The Road
The Anatomy of an XSUB
The Argument Stack
The RETVAL Variable
The MODULE Keyword
The PACKAGE Keyword
The PREFIX Keyword
The OUTPUT: Keyword
The CODE: Keyword
The INIT: Keyword
The NO_INIT Keyword
Initializing Function Parameters
Default Parameter Values
The PREINIT: Keyword
The SCOPE: Keyword
The INPUT: Keyword
Variable-length Parameter Lists
The PPCODE: Keyword
Returning Undef And Empty Lists
The REQUIRE: Keyword
The CLEANUP: Keyword
The BOOT: Keyword
The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
The ALIAS: Keyword
The INCLUDE: Keyword
The CASE: Keyword
The & Unary Operator
Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
Using XS With C++
Interface Strategy
Perl Objects And C Structures
The Typemap
EXAMPLES
XS VERSION
AUTHOR
ppeerrllxxssttuutt,, ppeerrllXXSSttuutt -- TTuuttoorriiaall ffoorr XXSSUUBBss
DESCRIPTION
VERSION CAVEAT
DYNAMIC VERSUS STATIC
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
WHAT HAS GONE ON?
WRITING GOOD TEST SCRIPTS
EXAMPLE 3
WHAT'S NEW HERE?
INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS
THE XSUBPP COMPILER
THE TYPEMAP FILE
WARNING
EXAMPLE 4
WHAT HAS HAPPENED HERE?
SPECIFYING ARGUMENTS TO XSUBPP
THE ARGUMENT STACK
EXTENDING YOUR EXTENSION
DOCUMENTING YOUR EXTENSION
INSTALLING YOUR EXTENSION
SEE ALSO
Author
Last Changed
ppeerrllgguuttss -- PPeerrll''ss IInntteerrnnaall FFuunnccttiioonnss
DESCRIPTION
Variables
Datatypes
What is an """"IV""""?
Working with SVs
What's Really Stored in an SV?
Working with AVs
Working with HVs
Hash API Extensions
References
Blessed References and Class Objects
Creating New Variables
Reference Counts and Mortality
Stashes and Globs
Double-Typed SVs
Magic Variables
Assigning Magic
Magic Virtual Tables
Finding Magic
Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
Subroutines
XSUBs and the Argument Stack
Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
Memory Allocation
PerlIO
Putting a C value on Perl stack
Scratchpads
Scratchpads and recursion
Compiled code
Code tree
Examining the tree
Compile pass 1: check routines
Compile pass 1a: constant folding
Compile pass 2: context propagation
Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
API LISTING
AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make,
av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift,
CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, DBsingle, DBsub, DBtrace,
dMARK, dORIGMARK, dowarn, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, dXSI32,
ENTER, EXTEND, FREETMPS, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL,
GIMME, GIMME_V, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, gv_fetchmeth,
gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv,
gv_stashsv, GvSV, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV,
HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, hv_clear,
hv_delayfree_ent, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists,
hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_free_ent,
hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext,
hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval, hv_magic, HvNAME, hv_store,
hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT,
isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, MARK,
mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_len,
mg_magical, mg_set, Move, na, New, Newc, Newz, newAV,
newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, newSV, newSViv, newSVnv,
newSVpv, newSVrv, newSVsv, newXS, newXSproto, Nullav,
Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK, perl_alloc,
perl_call_argv, perl_call_method, perl_call_pv,
perl_call_sv, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_eval_sv,
perl_eval_pv, perl_free, perl_get_av, perl_get_cv,
perl_get_hv, perl_get_sv, perl_parse, perl_require_pv,
perl_run, POPi, POPl, POPp, POPn, POPs, PUSHMARK, PUSHi,
PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, RETVAL,
safefree, safemalloc, saferealloc, savepv, savepvn,
SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE,
strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, sv_2mortal, sv_bless,
sv_catpv, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvf, sv_catsv, sv_cmp, sv_cmp,
SvCUR, SvCUR_set, sv_dec, sv_dec, SvEND, sv_eq, SvGROW,
sv_grow, sv_inc, SvIOK, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only,
SvIOK_only, SvIOKp, sv_isa, SvIV, sv_isobject, SvIVX,
SvLEN, sv_len, sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, SvOK,
sv_newmortal, sv_no, SvNIOK, SvNIOK_off, SvNIOKp, SvNOK,
SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNOK_only, SvNOKp, SvNV,
SvNVX, SvPOK, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPOK_only,
SvPOKp, SvPV, SvPVX, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc,
SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV, sv_setiv, sv_setnv,
sv_setpv, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvf, sv_setref_iv,
sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv,
SvSTASH, SVt_IV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV,
SVt_PVMG, SVt_NV, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SvUPGRADE,
sv_upgrade, sv_undef, sv_unref, sv_usepvn, sv_yes, THIS,
toLOWER, toUPPER, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs,
XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO,
XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES,
XST_mIV, XST_mNV, XST_mNO, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES,
XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
EDITOR
DATE
ppeerrllccaallll -- PPeerrll ccaalllliinngg ccoonnvveennttiioonnss ffrroomm CC
DESCRIPTION
An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
THE PERL_CALL FUNCTIONS
ppeerrll__ccaallll__ssvv, ppeerrll__ccaallll__ppvv, ppeerrll__ccaallll__mmeetthhoodd,
ppeerrll__ccaallll__aarrggvv
FLAG VALUES
G_VOID
G_SCALAR
G_ARRAY
G_DISCARD
G_NOARGS
G_EVAL
G_KEEPERR
Determining the Context
KNOWN PROBLEMS
EXAMPLES
No Parameters, Nothing returned
Passing Parameters
Returning a Scalar
Returning a list of values
Returning a list in a scalar context
Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
Using G_EVAL
Using G_KEEPERR
Using perl_call_sv
Using perl_call_argv
Using perl_call_method
Using GIMME_V
Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2.
Create a sequence of callbacks - hard wired limit, 3.
Use a parameter to map to the Perl callback
Alternate Stack Manipulation
Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
DATE
PPRRAAGGMMAA DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTAATTIIOONN
aauuttoouussee -- ppoossttppoonnee llooaadd ooff mmoodduulleess uunnttiill aa ffuunnccttiioonn iiss
uusseedd
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO
bblliibb -- UUssee MMaakkeeMMaakkeerr''ss uunniinnssttaalllleedd vveerrssiioonn ooff aa ppaacckkaaggee
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS
AUTHOR
ccoonnssttaanntt -- PPeerrll pprraaggmmaa ttoo ddeeccllaarree ccoonnssttaannttss
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTES
TECHNICAL NOTE
BUGS
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT
ddiiaaggnnoossttiiccss -- PPeerrll ccoommppiilleerr pprraaggmmaa ttoo ffoorrccee vveerrbboossee
wwaarrnniinngg ddiiaaggnnoossttiiccss
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
The diagnostics Pragma
The splain Program
EXAMPLES
INTERNALS
BUGS
AUTHOR
iinntteeggeerr -- PPeerrll pprraaggmmaa ttoo ccoommppuuttee aarriitthhmmeettiicc iinn iinntteeggeerr
iinnsstteeaadd ooff ddoouubbllee
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
lleessss -- p